Annals of Mathematical Sciences and Applications

Volume 2 (2017)

Number 1

Toward Picard–Lefschetz theory of path integrals, complex saddles and resurgence

Pages: 95 – 212

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4310/AMSA.2017.v2.n1.a3

Authors

Alireza Behtash (Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.)

Gerald V. Dunne (Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn., U.S.A.)

Thomas Schäfer (Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.)

Tin Sulejmanpasic (Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.)

Mithat Ünsal (Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., U.S.A.)

Abstract

We show that the semi-classical analysis of generic Euclidean path integrals necessarily requires complexification of the action and measure, and consideration of complex saddle solutions.We demonstrate that complex saddle points have a natural interpretation in terms of the Picard–Lefschetz theory. Motivated in part by the semi-classical expansion of QCD with adjoint matter on $\mathbb{R}^3 \times S^1$, we study quantum-mechanical systems with bosonic and fermionic (Grassmann) degrees of freedom with harmonic degenerate minima, as well as (related) purely bosonic systems with harmonic nondegenerate minima. We find exact finite action non-BPS bounce and bion solutions to the holomorphic Newton equations. We find not only real solutions, but also complex solution with non-trivial monodromy, and finally complex multi-valued and singular solutions. Complex bions are necessary for obtaining the correct nonperturbative structure of these models. In the supersymmetric limit the complex solutions govern the ground state properties, and their contribution to the semiclassical expansion is necessary to obtain consistency with the supersymmetry algebra. The multi-valuedness of the action is either related to the hidden topological angle or to the resurgent cancellation of ambiguities. We also show that in the approximate multi-instanton description the integration over the complex quasi-zero mode thimble produces the most salient features of the exact solutions. While exact complex saddles are more difficult to construct in quantum field theory, the relation to the approximate thimble construction suggests that such solutions may be underlying some remarkable features of approximate bion saddles in quantum field theories.

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Published 13 January 2017